What is the difference between a vacuum tubes and a flat panel solar collector?
Vacuum tubes solar water heater collectors, during the summer, perform the same as any flat surface collector; during winter there is a slight better efficiency due to their ability to better insulate the fluid from the outside air temperature.
These collectors are usually present in cold countries like Austria, Germany and similar where they also have to consider the possibility of fluid and/or water freezing during winter months. In non freezing countries, the difference is almost negligible.